isalpha(c) char c;{
	if ((c >= 'a' & c <= 'z') |
	    (c >= 'A' & c <= 'Z'))	return(1);
	else				return(0);
	}

isupper(c) char c;{
	if (c >= 'A' & c <= 'Z')	return(1);
	else				return(0);
	}

islower(c) char c;{
	if (c >= 'a' & c <= 'z')	return(1);
	else				return(0);
	}

isdigit(c) char c;{
	if (c >= '0' & c <= '9')	return(1);
	else				return(0);
	}

isspace(c) char c;{
	if (c == ' ' | c == '\t' | c == '\n')	return(1);
	else					return(0);
	}

toupper(c) char c;{
	return ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ? c - 32: c);
	}

tolower(c) char c;{
	return((c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ? c + 32: c);
	}
